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Information RedundancyInformation can be defined a group of bits organised in a well defined manner. In real time system large amount is information has to be transferred in a very short time in a precisely secure manner. There are many casualties during the transfer of information. For example the information can be corrupted due to [...]

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Hardware Redundancy

Use of additional hardware to compensate for failures

This can be done in two ways

Fault detection, correction and Masking. Multiple hardware units may be assigned to do the same task in parallel and their results compared. If one or more units are faulty, we can express this to show up as a disagreement in the [...]

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A Fault in one part of the system cause large voltage swings in the other parts of the system. So it is necessary to prevent from spreading through the system. This is called as containment.
This can be divided into

Fault Containment Zone (FCZ) and

A failure of some part of the computer outside an FCZ cannot cause [...]

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Fault Tolerance Techniques

Introduction

Hardware Faults – Occurs due to a physical defect of a system like a broken wire or a logic struck at 0 in a gate.
Software faults – occurs due to a bug introduced in a system so the software misbehaves for a given set of inputs
Error – the manifestation of a fault is [...]

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